[Besides Lachelier,] the other confirmation of the two-dimensionality of animal emotion comes from the Russian theosophical philosopher P. D. Ouspensky. Ouspensky also saw the animal world as a world of emotion: “In reality the animal does not reason its actions, but lives by its emotions, subject to that emotion which happens to be strongest. . . . Its actions are directed not by thoughts but principally by emotional memory and motor perceptions. . . . Any perception of an animal, any recollected image, is bound up with some emotional sensation or emotional remembrance—there are no non-emotional, cold thoughts in the animal soul.” Ouspensky then asks: “How does the world appear to the animal?” His answer:

The world appears to it as a series of complicated moving surfaces. The animal lives in a world of two dimensions. Its universe has for it the properties and appearance of a surface. And upon this surface transpire an enormous number of different movements of a most fantastic character….

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