Comparing human consciousness to that of animals, the nineteenth century philosopher Jules Lachelier concludes that animals “are provided with the same senses as we, but it is probable that these senses move them much more than they teach them and that these impressions themselves are entirely subordinated to their organic feelings.” Lachelier associates animal being or the “animal self” with “desire” and “purpose,” with the “will to live,” which he views as the “fundamental emotional state.” This emotional order of consciousness is seen as played out in “two-dimensional space or surface.” By contrast, human consciousness involves a higher order of reflection in which “we project outside of ourselves solid objects by adding to the two dimensions of visible space that which is only the imaged affirmation of existence—depth. . . . Three-dimensional space, individual reflection and reason—these are the elements of a . . . consciousness which we have . . . called intellectual.”